[fws.gov] Life Cycle: The plant flowers after the water evaporates from the pools, typically between June and August. Little else is known about the reproductive ecology or demography of this species. However, its life history may be quite similar to that of Vasey?s coyote-thistle (E. vaseyi), producing a tuft of tubular leaves underwater from the perennial rootstock or from a newly-germinated seed in the late winter or early spring. It later develops broad terrestrial leaves in the spring, as the water evaporates and flowers in the summer, developing fruit by July or August. (link added by Mary Ann Machi)