[Wikipedia] Ecology, Taxonomy: Ecology
Although it has green leaves year-round, it receives a significant portion of its nutrition from fungi in the soil (that is, it is a partial myco-heterotroph, which is not surprising as related plants, such as Pyrola, are partial or full myco-heterotrophs).[2]
Taxonomy
There are four subspecies:
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. umbellata in Europe, Asia
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. acuta in southwestern North America
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. cisatlantica in northeastern North America
Chimaphila umbellata subsp. occidentalis in northwestern North America (link added by Mary Ann Machi)
Calflora:
Information on California plants for education, research and conservation,
with data contributed by
public and private institutions and individuals.
[web application]. 2025.The Calflora Database
[a non-profit organization].Available:
https://www.calflora.org/(Accessed: 03/30/2025).
